Islamic Finance Bulletin
February 2014
Gulf One Lancaster Centre For Economic Research
From the Editor
Half-way through the first quarter of this year, markets across the world had swung both ways, profoundly unsure still of the strength of global economy recovery.
How the US Federal Reserve in particular would react, having begun to taper its prolonged stimulus programme, was a key concern, mixed with (i) the uncertainties of the state of the Chinese economy, (ii) the ability of emerging markets in Asia to recover from recent capital flight, and (iii) the condition of sovereigns and corporates in the West to emerge convincingly from the post-crisis period.
Bonds continued to suffer from the selling pressure of late 2013, but thereupon responded to investors’ search for safe havens once stocks wondered whether the easy money era was drawing towards an end. Gold was bought upon the same motivation, while oil and copper indicated that a lack of fundamental direction was the underlying truth.
On the sukuk side, these instruments initially felt the triple effects of emerging-market turbulence, oil-price fragility, and weakened fixed-income sentiment generally. However, in the Gulf arena both local and overseas investors were evidently awaiting their next opportunity to capture yield, welcoming renewed issuance.
In this edition we once again document those key trends, besides sampling news and comment on the expansion of Islamic finance, this time featuring Asia especially.
Viewpoints are provided by voices from the multilateral bodies the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, addressing financial exclusion and poverty alleviation — also the scope that Islamic microfinance has to break through barriers and improve the lives of those who are currently under-banked and need support.
Following last month’s item on Indonesia, in this issue we feature Pakistan, and its own vast potential for Shariahcompliant finance to make inroads into existing markets, as well as make a key-turning difference to millions of Muslim customers and entrepreneurs.
Highlights
Islamic Finance and Asia: The Asia region contains vast potential not only to advance Shariah-compliance across financial and non-financial sectors, but to utilize its methods for poverty alleviation and microfinance projects. Equally, those are matters both of natural demand, in terms of hitherto under-served Muslim populations, and promoting and enabling supply by official policy means. The issues of financial exclusion and distribution of wealth are pervasive concerns that Islamic mechanisms can be employed particularly to address.
Pakistan: As the world’s sixth most populous country, Pakistan has an ample base among its own citizenry to exercise the potential of the various strands of the Islamic economy. Following initial attempts to develop this dimension of economic growth and development in previous decades, a newfound emphasis has been brought to advance the cause of Islamic finance, especially by the central bank’s strategic plan. Claiming an enhanced share of banking business, and taking responsibility for agricultural financing, feature on the agenda.
MENA Markets: Both the stock and bond markets of the GCC states have performed relatively well in recent weeks and months, compared with both developed and emerging counterparts. Confidence has grown not only in the region’s financial standing, but also in its attempts to extend cyclical rebound, elements which to some extent are missing among other blocs. Dubai’s resurgence has been the star turn in this show, while the lingering political tensions in Egypt have been ignored by investors attracted to signs of solidity returning to the economy.
Recent Developments in the Islamic Finance Industry
UK moves forward with Islamic finance plans
The UK government has chosen HSBC to handle and advise on its debut Islamic bond planned for as early as this year. Other banks are to be mandated closer to the time of the issuance. Law firm Linklaters is expected to provide legal support for the sukuk, including its tax and real estate implications. The timing of the sale will depend both on market conditions and the required preparation. In addition, the government has launched a new venture seeking to bolster London’s position as a centre for Islamic finance by extending its ‘Help to Buy’ mortgage scheme to loans that comply with Islamic law. Help to Buy was launched last year, and offers banks insurance against the risk of lending to home-buyers who cannot afford large mortgage deposits. Britain’s finance ministry announced that property finance plans that cater for Islam’s bar on interest payments would now be eligible in the same way as standard mortgages. Islamic mortgages are to be provided by the Islamic Bank of Britain, which is owned by Qatar’s Masraf Al Rayan.
Source: Bloomberg, January 31st & ArabianBusiness.com, February 11th
GOLCER finds these initiatives to be active steps following the UK’s recent official announcements of becoming the first non-Muslim nation to support the Islamic finance industry and sell sukuk. Last October Prime Minister Cameron announced the plan to sell £200m ($330m) in securities that comply with Islam’s ban on interest, a development reflecting the “pragmatism and political will” that has been pronounced. The issuance of sukuk will bring a series of benefits to the UK, helping to establish a “fresh global capital” for Islamic finance alongside Dubai and Kuala Lumpur. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, the industry is growing 17% a year, and expected to be valued at $2.7trn by 2017.
Islamic finance in Italy might need Gulf support
Bankers in Italy are putting efforts towards developing Islamic finance in the country. Campaigns have been launched which seek to benefit from growing economic links between the Gulf countries and the eurozone’s third largest economy. Italy’s trade ties with the Gulf are booming, with exports to the UAE reaching 5.5 billion euros in 2012, a 16.7% rise from 2011, according to government data. This month Kuwait’s sovereign wealth fund has announced that it will invest 500 million euros ($685m) in Italian companies, in coordination with the Italian government’s own strategic investment fund, in line with a similar deal with Qatar last year. Only about 2% of Italy’s population of 61m are Muslim; yet both bankers and academics hope that as Gulf companies and investors increase their activities in Italy, Islamic finance will follow.
Source: ArabianBusiness.com February 20th
GOLCER perceives that while there has been minor, marginal progress in the industry in continental Europe, witnessed mainly in France and Germany, it seems that Italy is seeking trade and investment with wealthy GCC states through Islamic finance instruments as a way to solve its substantial debt problems. Italian firms raising loans could use Islamic structures to attract Islamic banks from the Gulf through, for example, bonds and equities if they were certified as Shariah-compliant. Political and legislative hurdles remain an issue for this attempted boost to the sector.
Takaful seen struggling in Kuwait
Kuwait’s takaful firms are said to be struggling still in a crowded market with intense competition. This perception is borne out by stagnant growth and persistent losses for those firms, though operating in one of the world’s richest countries on a per capita basis. That reality has caused doubts to be raised about the sector’s long-term viability. Kuwaiti takaful firms posted a combined 47.4m dinars ($167.7m) in premiums in 2012, an 18.7% share of the total. However, this figure was spread across 11 locallyincorporated takaful firms, with many companies in the sector having failed to post consistent profits. In
a market with 32 insurers, takaful firms have said they are facing disadvantages relative to their conventional peers, which have been running their businesses in the country for decades, allowing them to build solid customer bases and large financial surpluses.
Kuwait’s landscape in this regard seems to be quite different from the situation in Bahrain, where the central bank will release a new regulatory framework for takaful this quarter. The new rules, developed after two years of consultation with the industry, cover the operations and solvency of takaful firms. They call for a new formulas to calculate capital and replace free loans (qarad Hassan) with capital injections. Under the proposed rules, total capital would include both the available capital of the shareholders’ fund and the net admissible assets of the policyholders’ funds.
Source: Reuters, January 31st & February 11th
GOLCER thinks that Kuwait’s takaful sector could even shrink in the coming years, facing a critical position, with reduced profit margins. Takaful firms are required to distribute excess profits to policyholders, unlike conventional firms, which account for such surpluses as profits. The relative underperformance may also be attributed to the lack of a supervisory body, which made the takaful industry — not only in Kuwait but worldwide — vulnerable to sensitive performance results, as well as to uncompetitive practices.
Saudi Arabia and Malaysia bourses link boosted The stock exchanges of Saudi Arabia and Malaysia have signed an agreement to foster closer ties between them, with the aim to promote Islamic finance. The deal is likely to enhance areas such as equities, mutual funds and sukuk, and to build on sharing expertise and developing human capital. Saudi Arabia’s stock exchange hosts the largest
Islamic banks in the world, while the exchange of Malaysia has the largest and most liquid market for trading sukuk. Saudi Arabia’s exchange has already addressed, but not yet signed, similar agreements with its Abu Dhabi and Bahrain counterparts. Source: Khaleej Times, February 21st
GOLCER finds that this initiative is one of the important Islamic finance tie-ups during 2014, in reaction to the increased competition among many countries contemplating cross-border activity in the industry. According to Thomson Reuters data, the two countries represent the largest Islamic finance markets globally, holding a combined $682bn in Islamic banking assets. Still, however, there could be some challenges to face, given the traditional differences in the design and implementation of Shariah-compliant financial products between the two countries. (See Focus.)
Morocco intends funds for Islamic finance Morocco, the only North African nation with an investment-grade rating at Standard & Poor’s, has announced plans to allow Islamic banking for the first time, proposing to invest in the industry. The country approved a draft Islamic finance law on January 16th. This document offers a framework to regulate Islamic banks, and allows for sukuk sales. It awaits parliamentary approval, but is expected to be enacted by the middle of this year. The Moroccan Association of Participative Financiers estimates total investment in Shariah-compliant products to reach $7bn by 2018 if the law comes into effect.
Source: Bloomberg, January 31st
GOLCER sees the Islamic finance industry clearly responding to the accelerating demand worldwide for financing that complies with Islamic law. By 2018 Islamic banking assets are expected to climb to $3.4trn from about $1.7trn in 2013, according to Ernst & Young. Morocco has slowly joined the race, with more than 95% of its population of 34 million supporting the introduction of banking that adheres to Shariah.
Islamic finance body IILM plans further issuance
The Malaysia-based International Islamic Liquidity
Management Corp (IILM) announced its plans to issue a $490m three-month Islamic bond by the end of February, after expanding its issuance programme to $1.35bn in January. The auction of the sukuk is rated A-1 by Standard and Poor’s, according to a filing lodged with Malaysia’s central bank. The IILM has already sold $860m of three-month paper this year, aiming to meet a shortage of highly-liquid, investment-grade financial instruments which Islamic banks can trade to manage their short-term funding needs. Shareholders of the IILM are the central banks of Indonesia, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Qatar, Turkey and the UAE, as well as the Jeddah-based Islamic Development Bank.
Source: Reuters, January 31st
GOLCER views the IILM’s programme as being still in its early stages, and has doubts about the successful, active trading of its sukuk, and even the reasons behind issuing these additional sukuk, as the primary dealers have held on to the IILM instruments after auction and there has been little, if any, secondary market trade in them.
Focus: Gulf-Asia co-operation
In October 2013 the Central Bank of the UAE announced it had signed an MoU with Central Bank of Malaysia on the sidelines of the annual IMF/WB meetings, aimed at co-operation, exchange of information and expertise, and training. It would contribute to the realisation of a sound financial system in the UAE and Malaysia, and represents a trend to stronger ties between Islamic finance centres in the Arabian Gulf and Southeast Asian regions, despite traditional differences in the design and implementation of Shariah-compliant financial products.
Source: Khaleej Times, Reuters, November 2013
New Malaysian standards for Shariah-compliant equities that are expected to attract more Islamic investment funds from the Gulf countries were introduced last November by the Malaysian Securities Commission. An improved screening methodology is used that encompasses quantitative filters such as benchmarks for financial ratios, moving closer to the approach generally used in the Gulf. The change is widely expected to help further internationalise Malaysia’s Islamic finance industry.
The methodology had previously included only qualitative screens; for example, banning companies involved in sectors such as tobacco, alcohol, weapons and gambling. Islamic fund managers in Malaysia now have six months to drop securities that are excluded from the list, which currently has a total of 653 Shariah-compliant stocks out of 914 listed on the Bursa Malaysia. In another move, the Philippine Stock Exchange said it would designate its first Shariah-compliant companies, in a bid to keep Muslims’ money in the country. Another strengthening player in the sector is Singapore, [whose] government has undertaken initiatives in areas such as taxation, capital markets, REITs, takaful insurance and Islamic equity indexes in order to improve Singapore’s attractiveness for Islamic finance.
Source: Arno Maierbrugger, investvine.com, Inside
Investor, December 2013
The Malaysia-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) framework agreement signed in January 2011 was intended to enhance bilateral economic links. Instead, co-operation grew at a disappointingly slow pace, [but now] appears to be gaining momentum. Generous tax incentives to encourage commercial banks operating in Malaysia to establish Islamic banking subsidiaries and foreign companies have been drawing in a number of GCC banks to establish operations in Malaysia (e.g. Kuwait Finance House). Conversely, the GCC economies are attractive potential targets for Malaysian investment. Another interesting shift is that Arab countries are now looking to Malaysia to enhance halal standards and promote related products. Until recently, meat and halal products have been largely imported by the GCC from Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Brazil, Canada, and the US. Although Malaysia had taken the lead in developing and modernizing this sector, it has essentially lost out to these competitors in the past. With the Gulf changing its focus to Asia, the food and chemicals industries in Malaysia that are largely bound by halal laws command an edge over other regional manufacturers.
Source: Evelyn Davadason, University of Malaya, June
2013 for Middle East Institute
| Viewpoint
Islamic Finance and the fight against poverty in Asia Interview with Ashraf Mohammed, Asian Development Bank |
What level of impact could be expected from the growth of Islamic finance (IF) in the region, in terms of bringing basic banking facilities to lower-income groups, and plans for development and poverty alleviation?
ADB regards Islamic finance to have great potential in the fight against poverty in Asia. There is a sizable part of the population in the Asia & Pacific region, especially in rural areas, that for religious, cultural or moral reasons sees Islamic finance as the only method by which to access financial services which would otherwise result in their financial exclusion.
Apart from being a viable alternative to the conventional interest-based financial system, which is prone to extreme risks, the risk-sharing solutions offered by Islamic finance may assist in restoring equilibrium, as it encourages and facilitates investment in real economic activity and societal welfare, while prohibiting investment in socially-harmful ventures such as gaming, alcohol and adult entertainment, or risky financial products such as highly-speculative derivative contracts, of the kind which led to the 2008 sub-prime crisis. In addition to the important complementary role that Islamic finance can play in global finance, the sector provides an exciting opportunity to expand the accessibility to finance which can play a more positive role in eradicating poverty. It can address the issue of financial inclusion from two directions: one through promoting risk-sharing contracts which provide a viable alternative to conventional debt-based financing, and the other through emphasizing the socially-responsible principles of transparency and prohibition of speculation and exploitation.
Is the ADB promoting or simply facilitating the development of the IF sector? Can you give details of how that is being done?
Asian Development Bank (ADB) has 14 member countries that have a majority Muslim population, as well as other members with a sizeable Muslim component (including India, PRC, the
Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand). ADB’s Developing Member Countries (DMCs) represent approximately 80% of the world’s Muslim population. A number of these DMCs have developed relatively sophisticated Shariahcompliant finance (SCF) industries which complement their conventional financial services sectors.
As the premier development institution of Asia, ADB is well placed to play a catalytic role in the development of SCF in the region. We can assist in the development of best practice for prudential standards and corporate governance rules for central banks and securities regulators, to enable them to properly and fairly regulate Islamic financial institutions (IIFIs). ADB can also play a catalytic role in helping to meet the nascent demand for SCF from the private sector, that is becoming evident in certain DMCs.
ADB’s participation in SCF will assist the development of the SCF industry during its formative early stages in DMCs, an involvement which will ensure that SCF is being undertaken using best international standards.
ADB’s significant role in the development of Shariahcompliant finance in Asia has included:
- Supporting the development of international best practice in prudential standards and corporate governance for IIFIs, by assisting through technical assistance (TA) and co-operation, standards-setting organizations such as the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), and through knowledge-dissemination activities, e.g. workshops and conferences.
- Advising and assisting DMCs, through TAs and loans, in capital markets development for Islamic financial institutions, including development of appropriate supervisory and regulatory laws and frameworks
- Promoting the use of SCF through cofinancing opportunities with IIFIs such as the Islamic Development Bank, and developing and participating in innovative financing structures such as the Islamic Infrastructure Fund and the International Islamic Liquidity Management Corporation Providing credit enhancement in SCF nonsovereign transactions such as Pakistan’s Fauji Wind Power Project
How do you perceive the relative roles of the public and private sectors in the regional growth of the IF industry?
Public sector institutions have an enormous role to play in the promotion and development of Islamic finance in their countries. Anecdotal evidence would suggest that those counties that have progressive regulatory and supervisory authorities providing the necessary legal and regulatory framework to establish a level playing-field for Islamic finance to take hold and expand are the ones which have benefited the most in terms of the contribution that Islamic finance makes to the economy. Among the developed Islamic banking jurisdictions in Asia are Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan and Brunei. Malaysia is one of the global leaders for
Islamic financial services, and held an estimated
9% share of the global Islamic banking assets in
- Comparatively, Indonesia, Pakistan and Brunei have smaller shares, but their growth and regulatory developments in recent years have enabled them to be en route to expanding on their volume of Shariahcompliant banking assets. These countries have demonstrated that if government takes the trouble of developing an effective strategy and supports that strategy to create an enabling environment, then they will derive a huge dividend from private sector participation.
It has been suggested that Islamic finance promotes economic or financial stability per se. Does your research on the Asian region support that stance?
The linkage of financial development with economic development has already been established. However, a high level of financial development in a country is not necessarily any indication of alleviation of poverty in that country. There is growing realization that, in addition to financial development, there should be emphasis to promote financial stability, which in turn should assist to expand the accessibility to finance which can play a more positive role in eradicating poverty. Enhancing the access to and the quality of basic financial services — such as availability of finance, mobilization of savings, insurance and risk management — can facilitate sustainable growth and productivity, particularly for micro, small and medium-scale enterprises.
It can be argued that the core principles of Islam lay great emphasis on social justice, inclusion, and the sharing of resources between different strata of society, thus reinforcing financial stability. Islamic finance further supports financial stability and equity through specific instruments of redistribution of wealth amongst society as whole, such as Zakat and Waqf.
Ashraf Mohammed is Assistant General Counsel, Practice Leader in Islamic Finance at the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The opinions expressed are his own.
| Viewpoint
Islamic Finance and Financial Inclusion: the World Bank’s view |
About 700 million of the world’s poor live in predominantly Muslim-populated countries. In recent years, there has been growing interest in Islamic finance as a tool to increase financial inclusion among Muslim populations.
The main issue relates to the fact that many Muslimheaded households and micro, small, and medium enterprises may voluntarily exclude themselves from formal financial markets because of Shariah requirements.
Islamic legal systems, among other characteristics, prohibit predefined interest-bearing loans. They also require financial providers to share in the risks of the business activities for which they provide financial services (profit and loss sharing). Given these requirements, most conventional financial services
are not relevant for religiously-minded Muslim individuals and firms in need of financing.
Based on a 2010 Gallup poll, about 90% of the adults residing in Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member countries consider religion an important part of their daily lives (Crabtree 2010). This may help explain why only about 25% of adults in OIC member countries have an account in formal financial institutions, which is below the global average of about 50%.
Muslim countries are far from uniform in terms of financial inclusion. For example, 34% of the unbanked Afghan population cite religious reasons for not having an account in a formal financial institution, while only 0.1% of Malaysians do so, although both countries have similarly high Gallup religiosity indexes (97% and 96% respectively).
This can be traced to the extent to which Islamic financial institutions are present in a given country. An analysis suggests that the size of Islamic assets per adult population is negatively correlated with the share of adults citing religious reasons for not having an account. This correlation is particularly strong if one focuses on the group of OIC countries and, even more, on those OIC countries that show a religiosity index exceeding 85%.
Based on the Global Findex [Financial Inclusion Index], for religious reasons, some 51 million adults in the OIC countries do not have accounts in a formal financial institution. Given that a majority of the OIC population lives in poverty, Islamic microfinance could be particularly attractive.
Global surveys on Islamic microfinance completed by the
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) in 2007 and
2012 provide some initial insights into the rapidly growing Islamic microfinance industry.
The 2007 CGAP survey found fewer than 130 Islamic microfinance institutions (MFIs) and 500,000 customers respectively. Within five years, these figures more than doubled, reaching 256 MFIs and 1.3 million active clients. These figures are on the conservative side because they are based on data for 16 of the 57 OIC member countries (excluding economies such as the Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, and Turkey, which have active Islamic finance industries).
In short, the estimated unmet demand for Shariahcompliant financial products, in conjunction with the rapid growth of Islamic MFIs, as well as the astonishing growth of the overall Islamic finance industry, all point to the growing attractiveness of Shariah-compliant financial products and the supply shortage of such products.
Religiosity also has an impact on the access of firms to finance in OIC countries. The number of Islamic banks per 100,000 adults is negatively correlated with the proportion of firms identifying access to finance as a major constraint. The negative correlation is greater if one focuses on OIC countries and greater still if one focuses on a subset of OIC countries with a religiosity index above 85%.
These findings, which are mainly driven by small firms, suggest that increasing the number of Shariah-compliant financial institutions can make a positive difference in the operations of small firms (0–20 employees) in Muslim-populated countries by reducing the access barriers to formal financial services.
Efforts to increase financial inclusion in jurisdictions with Muslim populations require sustainable mechanisms to provide Shariah-compliant financial services to all residents, especially the Muslim poor, people who are living on less than $2 per day.
One obstacle is the lack of transparency and the absence of a broadly-accepted standardized process for assessing the compliance of financial institutions with Shariah guidelines, which makes it difficult for many individuals to distinguish between financial institutions that are operating based on Shariah specifications and institutions that are not. Another difficulty has been the lack of information and training on Islamic finance.
Finally, in their infancy and smaller in scale, Islamic financial products tend to be more expensive than their conventional counterparts, reducing their attractiveness.
This article is an abridged version of Box 1.4 in the
Global Financial Development Report 2014: Financial
Inclusion, Washington, DC, 2014
| Feature
Islamic finance report card: Pakistan by Rachel Latham and Andrew Shouler |
Amidst all the talk of Islamic finance hubs internationally — whether in the Middle East or the Far East or Europe — there remains much yet to be achieved on purely a domestic basis in certain, key countries.
Indeed, can there be a nation that offers greater potential for the growth of Islamic finance (IF) than Pakistan, which essentially needs to look no further than its own people for the realization of the sector’s critical objective of mutual development across society?
Pakistan has a population of 180 million (making it the world’s sixth most populous country), and is the second largest Muslim nation in the world (representing around 97% of its total population). Additionally, the large rural share, 63% of total, is evidently under-banked. According to a 2011 World Bank study, roughly 90% of the entire population do not have an account at a formal financial institution.
While, not surprisingly, Pakistan was among the pioneers of Islamic finance, progress in the 1980s and 1990s “met with limited success, largely due to slippages at the implementation and execution stage,” Mr Yaseen Anwar, then governor of the State Bank of Pakistan, admitted at a conference earlier this year.
Asian Development Bank’s Islamic Finance Team Leader Ashraf Mohammed refers to research citing an inadequate infrastructure in that era, and insufficiently trained human resources, factors that were rectified in the subsequent period by “a more practical and gradual approach”.
The re-launched official effort in 2001 envisaged Islamic and conventional banks co-existing, and enabling consumers to do banking within the system of their choice, which opened the way for the IF sector to succeed, based on demand-driven impulses.
With an annual growth rate of over 30% over the last five years, Shariah-compliant banking is now spread across 80 districts of the country, with a network of 1200 branches, and Islamic banking assets currently constitute 8-10% of both assets and deposits, according to data last year produced by State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), the central bank.
Key to this advancement has been the crucial role played by the SBP, with its introduction and application of key regulatory reforms and prudential measures to ensure financial stability and provide a comprehensive, multi-tiered framework to ensure the Shariah conformity of Islamic banks’ operations.
Today, the IF industry in Pakistan includes five fully-fledged Islamic banks and five takaful firms, with an additional twelve conventional banks offering services through Islamic windows. The central bank is also at an “advanced stage” towards issuing a detailed Shariah governance framework, which would outline roles for directors, management and Shariah boards.
In the opinion of the Jeddah-based Islamic
Development Bank (IDB), Islamic finance is “growing fast” in Pakistan, though facing “challenges and constraints”, with demand “driven by multiple factors such as a faith-based appeal for the Muslim population, the potential to augment financial engineering by blending it with socially- and ethically-responsive financing; [also to] service high-net-worth clients (whether Muslim or non-Muslim), and attract cross-border oil revenue surpluses”.
The IDB has noted the “pro-active policy” of the country’s central bank in this regard. Pledging itself to align its regulatory framework with international standards and best practices, SBP says it regularly reviews and evaluates the output of the IFSB, AAOIFI, and IIFM for potential use, keeping in view local circumstances and norms.
Recently the SBP adopted a global standard, from Bahrain-based AAOIFI, for Islamic bonds, to help issuers attract investors from the Gulf and elsewhere. The number of individual sukuk issues in Pakistan has eased in recent years, despite the rapid growth of issuance globally.
Now the SBP has developed a five-year Strategic Plan (2014-18) in consultation with all relevant parties in the IF sector, to take the industry to its next level of growth and development.
Part of this initiative involves a mass-media campaign to raise awareness of Islamic finance among consumers. “There still prevails a significant population that is either unaware of Islamic banking or has confusions and misconceptions about its current paradigm,” said then governor Anwar at the campaign’s initiation last year.
Meanwhile, the Ministry of Finance has set up a committee to explore areas to promote Islamic banking, including studying the conversion of conventional banks onto an IF basis, to submit recommendations by this year-end. Proposals involving Islamic money markets, and issues of secondary market liquidity and maximizing equity-based financing rather than debt-based financing, will also be explored.
Collectively, the authorities’ aim is to expand Islamic banks’ share of the total banking sector to 15% by 2017.
Commenting on the nature, opportunity and outlook of the IF sector in Pakistan, London-based Edbiz Consulting has argued that the same strictness that has characterised the country’s view of Shariah compliance should enable it to become a global ‘centre of excellence’ for Islamic banking and finance, by ensuring the authenticity of financial products. Chairman and CEO Humayon Dar has assessed that, in order to achieve parity of market share with conventional counterparts by 2025, Pakistan’s Islamic banks will have to grow by at least the recent rate of 35% per annum for the intervening period. “This is certainly a steep task, but a realistic target,” he says, and currently “the momentum is in the right direction”.
Besides the scale of the sector’s potential, one particular dimension that seems to hold promise and most immediate relevance is microfinance, which is especially attuned to the poverty alleviation aspect of Islamic finance, as well as focusing on the social and ethical concerns of self-respect, self-reliance and support for women and the most vulnerable members of society (see box).
The SBP’s governor, describing Islamic microfinance as a confluence of two industries, has said that financial inclusion is a key strategic goal of the central bank, and stressed that the industry should develop capacity to aid agriculture and SMEs particularly, both for participants in those sectors and for the economy as a whole, with “every support and facilitation” from the central bank.
These options include the establishment of fullyfledged Islamic microfinance banks, Islamic microfinance services by fully-fledged Islamic banks, and Islamic microfinance divisions in conventional microfinance banks. Allied with the institution’s inherent checks on the use of funds, the prospect for this segment of IF activity is “positive”, the governor stated.
Mr Anwar’s recent, acting successor at the State Bank of Pakistan, Mr Ashraf Wathra, has further underlined agri-financing as a policy priority, and indeed invited all key stakeholders to be on board for Islamic finance’s overall, further growth and development.
Trends in Islamic Micro Finance (MF)
Islamic microfinance currently constitutes less than
1% of the microfinance industry globally, which has 126 institutions in fourteen countries, led by a 36% share located in the GCC.
In Pakistan microfinance and Islamic banking were initiated at the same time, in 2001, and subsequently have grown significantly, although Islamic MF lags quite far behind broader Islamic finance.
While several institutions have launched Islamic microfinance products in Pakistan over the past few years, two providers offer a fully Shariahcompliant product line, one being Akhuwat, operating primarily on the disbursement of interestfree loans through donations, the other being the Wasil Foundation, which offers a range of Islamic finance services designed to encourage enterprise and the creation of value chains. According to the Pakistan Microfinance Network, there is “huge potential for these providers to expand outreach in this niche market”, by way of diversifying the product set as well as extending geographic coverage. However, there is a need for further funding sources, including the Waqf and Takaful models, “each with their own strengths and weaknesses in terms of viability in the Pakistan context”.
Yet, recognition has grown among practitioners about the potential market for Islamic MF, and the scope therefore increased for meeting the needs of the underserved, with special attention to targeting those who have previously declined conventional microfinance.
Sources: State Bank of Pakistan, Reuters, IDB, ADB,
Edbiz Consulting, Kuwait Finance House, Islamic
Finance Today, Pakistan Microfinance Network
Stock Markets
GCC
Gulf markets defied the trend elsewhere, prolonging 2013’s extended rally, with all the region’s bourses recording gains on conventional measures. Boosted by the Expo bid and a storming real estate market, Dubai has continued to stand out, up nearly 12% in
January, with the property component up nearly 20%. Abu Dhabi’s index rose smartly too, by some 9%. In both cases, the banking and financial service sectors have prospered as well. The Saudi Tadawul index improved moderately from the previously restrained mood of last year-end, with the retail sector bouncing back. Qatar attracted investors eyeing low stock valuations, while Kuwait remained held back, down slightly on the Islamic-based gauge, constrained by political and investment project snags. Better sentiment supported notable impetus in Bahrain’s index.
Egypt / MENA
By late January the Egyptian stock index had climbed to its highest level in almost three years, as the market’s optimism grew in association with relative political stability, even while pockets of violence continued to spark. The EGX approached a 50% vault since last year’s military takeover, though experiencing volatility along the way. Rallies in support of likely presidential contender and armed forces chief al Sisi have offset the intermittent concerns, despite Cairo
being shaken by a series of explosions and the further deaths of followers of ousted president Morsi. The Egyptian pound has appreciated in this environment, which has seen 98% approval by voters of a revised constitution. Otherwise, a stock buyback by EFGHermes lifted sentiment, as did news that Dubai’s Majid Al Futtaim would be investing $2.3bn in the retail sector in the coming years. Gulf SWFs are said also to be interested.
South East Asia
Asian stocks were very mixed in the latest period, ranging from the weakened Thai bourse, beset by the country’s political disarray and violence, to a resurgent Philippine index, as foreign funds regained a degree of confidence following the US Fed-related turbulence in emerging markets. Malaysia’s index well represented the downbeat mood. While American monetary policy proceeded with the gradual tapering and emollient outlook of incoming Fed chair Janet Yellen, both US and Chinese economic data were uneven, limiting the scope for international optimism, with credit prospects tightening in both cases, amid uncertain growth conditions. Sentiment overall was upheld to some extent by positive earnings results. The Philippines and Indonesia especially rebounded well from previous sell-offs. Thailand’s bourse kept surprisingly stable overall considering continuing protests, an emergency decree and an inconclusive election in early February.
Rest of the World
Equity markets globally slipped in the period covered, led by falls in Asia and other emerging markets. The key factor promoting turbulence was the decision of the US Federal Reserve to proceed further with its tapering plans for monetary stimulus, that has evidently been upholding overseas investment. In some cases (Brazil, Turkey, South Africa, India) countries have had to respond with higher interest rates to support their currencies, creating another drag on stocks’ performance. US indices were also affected for a while, retreating from all-time highs. For Asia the fluctuating conditions in Chinese credit policy, besides economic sluggishness, were another key influence. Japan’s indices also went conspicuously into reverse, with uncertainty persisting over Abenomics. European bourses remained modestly firm with the sense that the worst of the financial crisis has been left behind, and recovery may be consolidating. A more positive mood emerged later, as Fed chair Yellen promised policy continuity, interpreted as sustaining an easy money stance. US corporate earnings were also predominantly beating prior estimates.
Sources: GIC, Global Investment House, Bank Audi,
Bloomberg, Reuters, broker reports
Islamic Stock Indices
|
Evolution of Islamic Stock Markets in January 2014 for GCC, Far East, Middle East North Africa (MENA) and Rest of the World markets. Prices represent the closing price of the respective index at 31/1/2014. Percentage Month-to-Month (MTM) Change and percentage Volatility. Source: Datastream
Conventional Stock Indices
|
Evolution of Stock Markets in January 2014 for GCC, Far East, Middle East North Africa (MENA) and Rest of the World markets. Price represent the closing price of the respective index at 31/1/2014. Percentage Month-to-Month (MTM) Change and percentage Volatility. Source: Datastream
Commodities
Oil
The market had a slightly bearish tone early in 2014, concerned for world demand in the face of slower emerging markets and the Chinese economy. Brent was hit harder than WTI, allowing the wide spread previously between them to narrow, yet both series were upheld by softer data signals from the US that trimmed the dollar. Supply concerns over the North Sea and Libya also gave support. Inventories at the Gulf Coast surprised on the low side, below the five-year average, and freezing winter weather in the US further boosted Nymex crude. Later in January trade statistics from China gave prices a fillip. Geopolitical concerns as to conflicts in South Sudan and protests in Venezuela provided extra underpinning.
Gold
Gold eased further down in January, but picked up again into February, surprising analysts who could see no obvious prospect of the recent trend late in 2013 turning around. The precious metal benefited in part from investors switching from equities because of repeated market jitters. A potential review of Indian import restrictions prompted short-covering. On the other side of the coin, the Fed’s tapering process, and rising interest rates in certain developing countries, dulled the immediate sparkle in the market. Equally, Fed chair Yellen’s declared commitment to monetary accommodation gave a helpful price lift. With the world economy seemingly muddling through, forecasters persisted expecting the rally to peter out.
Copper/Base Metals
A firmer direction was taken by copper late in January, but only after prices softened sharply earlier in the month upon perceptions of weakness in the Chinese economy. Analysts have pointed still to supply outstripping demand in 2014,
following the relative buoyancy of the second half of last year. Emerging market concerns have had additional depressive effect. The most recent pickup hinged on a declining dollar, which tends to promote commodity prices generally on investment grounds. A drop in inventories at London-monitored warehouses brought extra market cheer, which was then reinforced by better credit numbers out of China and signs of European recovery.
Sources: OPEC, Reuters, Bloomberg
Bonds and CDS markets
GCC
Whereas emerging market bonds, like stocks, have been hit by the US Fed’s monetary tapering plans, creating a background of considerable volatility, Gulf trading kept a better profile, with only limited correlation with Treasury benchmarks, and spreads narrowing. Although defensive at the start of the year, regional investors were then looking to add to their books again, though focused on yield. Technical indicators were aligned to assist, and underlying demand was strong, but tending to wait for new issuance. Names such as DEWA and Bahrain were well bid, while much activity was oriented to Kipco’s 5-year issue. International accounts added to the interest further along the credit yield curve. A deal to restructure Dubai’s $10bn debt load helped sentiment.
Egypt / MENA
Similar momentum was found in the broader region, with the North African bond market showing well, as bonds from Egypt and Morocco were sought by both local and international buyers. The gradual restoration of what investors perceive as a workable political framework promoted trade in Egypt’s 2020 and 2040 eurobond issues, rallying above par. National Bank of Egypt’s issue also improved. January saw foreign exchange reserves rise for the first time in several months, and the government was in talks to secure further aid from the Gulf states. Credit default swaps (CDS) have dropped by over 400 basis points since the military takeover. Economic growth may reach 3.5% this year, according to the finance ministry.
Malaysia / South East Asia
Trends in Asian bonds were less convincing, having being revealed to be so dependent on US monetary policy, where the easing cycle has been curtailed. Initially in the period covered regional currencies reflected the retreat of international investors, typically holding 20-30% of the bloc’s
sovereign debt, as they had drawn back to the dollar as safe haven. Borrowing costs locally were on the rise as expectations grew of higher yields over time across dollar-related zones. Inflation data also brought pressure to bear, for instance in Malaysia and the Philippines. Malaysian bonds fared reasonably well on a comparative basis, without the uncertainty of elections as are due in Thailand and Indonesia this year. Some improved data on Chinese growth and credit figures lifted Asian currencies later in the period, aiding market reaction to the collective sell-off that some saw as overdone.
Global Benchmarks
Though still in a negative mood during January, at the global level key benchmark series were strengthened into February by signs that assumptions about quickening economic recovery were not so well founded. Bonds for a while advanced in rotation with stocks, which dipped sharply. US data such as car sales, manufacturing and employment generated doubts about the revival, and encouraged thoughts of central bank restraint on interest rate hikes, as were then confirmed by policy statements. The US lead was followed by both core and peripheral European trades, as well as JGBs, with the sense that both the real economy and monetary settings were somewhat limited in giving guidance. In recent weeks the jury has remained out in terms of the market’s likely direction.
Source: GIC, Invest AD, Bloomberg, Bank Audi, ADB online, broker reports
Sovereign Bond Markets
Evolution of Bond Markets in January 2014 relative to the previous month. The table reports the price index on which the MTM Change is calculated (month-to-month) and the Yield of sovereign bond maturities typically between 6 months and 25 years. Data as at 31/1/2014.
Credit Default Swap Markets
Evolution of CDS Spreads in January 2014 relative to the previous month. The index reported here represents the average basis points (bp) of a 5-year CDS for protection against sovereign bonds. Data as at 31/1/2014. MTM Change refers to the change relative to the previous month.
Islamic Bonds (Sukuk)
The sukuk secondary market was soft in the early part of the year, reflecting not only the retreat of conventional instruments but also that of emerging markets, and doubts for Gulf energy producers over oil prices.
Investors were looking for returns instead from primary issuance, which has been expected by analysts (S&P, Fitch Ratings) and by banks (e.g. HSBC) to put in a strong performance this year.
Activity was focused most recently on the issuance of Dubai Investment Park’s $300 million debut sukuk, with orders finalized at well over
$4bn, launched at 35bps inside guidance at 265bps over mid-swaps, yielding 4.296%.
The deal was viewed as well-timed, into a market lacking Middle East paper, and likely to trigger other issuers from the region. It benefited from fast-improving sentiment towards Dubai, buoyed by its rapidly rebounding real estate sector. The company is owned by Dubai Investments, and focused mainly on leasing and property management.
DIP’s main asset is a mixed industrial, commercial and residential block, next to the World Expo 2020 site, according to documentation. European accounts were much in evidence in the sale, also Islamic liquidity.
Conditions otherwise were relatively quiet.
Indonesia announced it would sell retail Islamic bonds this month, offering individual investors returns clearly above the interest rates given by the country’s leading banks. They would carry a coupon rate of 8.75% per annum, compared with bank deposit rates of 5-7.75%. The government auctioned a combination of 6-mth and 29-year project-based sukuk in midFebruary.
Meanwhile, the UK Treasury (finance ministry) declared its proposed sukuk issuance would take place either in 2014 or 2015 by way of a syndicated offering, having previously announced plans for a £200m launch.
Sources: GIC, Invest AD, Bloomberg, Reuters, broker reports
| Sukuk is the Arabic name for financial certificates, but commonly refers to the
Islamic equivalent of bonds. Since fixed income, interest bearing bonds are not permissible in Islam, Sukuk securities are structured to comply with the Islamic law and its investment principles, which prohibits the charging, or paying of interest. Financial assets that comply with the Islamic law can be classified in ac– cordance with their tradability and nontradability in the secondary markets. |
Perspective
Outlook for sukuk gains attention by Andrew Shouler
A flurry of reports recently about the prospects for the sukuk market in 2014 all expect a pick-up in pace, for a number of reasons.
Standard & Poor’s envisages the industry expanding again, following a dip in volumes by some 13% in 2013, as the market digested the promised tapering of easy US monetary policy. The agency forecasts total issuance to exceed $100bn for the third successive year “if yields remain attractive”, driven by corporate and infrastructure deals in the Gulf, and the resumption of Malaysia’s investment programme.
The UAE and Saudi Arabia are anticipated to lead the way in the GCC, “as regulators continue to minimize barriers in the market”. Besides impetus from project spending, economic growth based on $100 oil prices will encourage banks as both borrowers and investors, also adjusting their capital bases to meet Basel 3’s gradual implementation. In Malaysia — whose sukuk offerings dropped by 25% last year, though maintaining a dominant share of total — a broad investor base and liquid market give underpinning. A phase of government cutbacks should be eased by GDP growth exceeding 5% in 2014, with demand for ringgit issues liable to be buoyant.
S&P made note too of investors seeking sukuk in non-traditional markets, and that “Africa may soon offer a fresh alternative”. Senegal and South Africa have been looking at issuing sukuk, while Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco have been finalizing their legal frameworks to do so. Multilateral institutions may further stimulate sukuk activity, either themselves Islamic or representing countries with large Muslim populations. The IDB, ADB, and other forums, “are natural and prominent players”, aiming “to facilitate intermediation and integration”, so benefiting Islamic debt capital markets.
Yet, S&P suggests that “without standardization and
[the] architecture to support the industry, it is unlikely [to] reach a new dimension”, implying that official attention is necessary to complement potential market supply and demand.Fitch Ratings, meanwhile, says Gulf nations’ efforts to become Islamic finance hubs “is also likely to spur sukuk issuance”. Last year’s decline was likely “to be a blip in the longer-term trend of steady growth,” it said. Fitch noted “evidence of increasing market efficiency”, with structuring costs having fallen significantly, and dealmaking times down “from as much as six months to a few weeks”. It mentioned, however, the caveat of “the lack of legal precedent over investors’ ability to enforce rights in many jurisdictions”.
Reported by Bloomberg, HSBC suggested issuance would probably rebound to a record level this year, echoing the idea of geographic dispersion, and observing banks trying to tailor conventional products to meet Shariah’s requirements, as in perpetual sukuk. US rate volatility might affect timing, but the pool of Islamic liquidity “remained strong”, and might be orientated to issuers in local currencies instead.
Moody’s has remarked on the increasing internationalization of sukuk, and “growing investor comfort with these instruments”. Longer maturities beyond 5-7 years are appearing, and enhancing the sector’s appeal. Like S&P, though, Moody’s saw the global market as “likely to remain fragmented”, a view which reflects awareness that differing locations around the world are tending to compete as much as co-operate, whether for a niche or a comprehensive role, chasing market share in this growing field.
call for papers
4th Islamic Banking and Finance Conference (IBF 2014)
23rd to 24th June 2014
Venue: Lancaster University Management School
Keynote Speaker
Th orsten Beck
Professor of Banking and Finance, Cass Business School
The constraints applied by Islamic banks rendered them more resilient in the recent fi nancial crisis compared to their conventional counterparts. This has attracted the attention of market participants and researchers to their liquidity buffers, leverage ratios, managerial effi ciency and bespoke fi nancial products. Islamic banking products are now offered in more than twenty countries and their expanding suite includes bonds, equity indices and insurance. The sector is estimated to exceed $1trillion in value, while growing at about 15% per annum. Among many issues still subject to debate is the purity of Islamic fi nance in practice, given the need to compete and to operate with customers whose expectations have been formed by conventional banking practices.
EIBF centre at Aston Business School in collaboration with GOLCER Lancaster University Management School is organising a conference on Islamic Banking and Finance. The conference aims to provide a forum for an exchange of views on recent developments and to identify key issues/challenges underlying the paradigm of Islamic Banking and Finance in the 21st century.
Original contributions are invited on any of the listed topics:
- Financial risk and stability Risk Management, Accountability and auditing
- Transparency, governance and corporate social responsibility Competition
- Earnings management and impression management Microfi nance and SMEs
- Performance, effi ciency and convergence Behavioural fi nance
- Mutual funds
Conference Organisers: Dr Omneya Abdelsalam (Aston University), Dr Marwan Izzeldin (Lancaster University)
Special Issue
Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation (JEBO)
Ana Timberlake Best paper Research Award: £500
Co-editors for the JEBO Special Issue
Omneya Abdelsalam, Aston University
Mohammed El-Komi, American University of Cairo
Ana-Maria Fuertes, Cass Business School
Stergios Leventis, International Hellenic University
Gerald Steele, Lancaster University
Scientific committee
Omneya Abdelsalam (Aston University), Nathan Berg (University of Otago), Rachel Croson (University of Texas at Dallas), Mahmoud El-Gamal (Rice University), Mohamed El-Komi, (American University Cairo), Meryem Fethi (Leicester University), Ana-Maria Fuertes (Cass Business School), Mohamed Shahid Ibrahim (Bangor University), Marwan Izzeldin (Lancaster University), Jill Johnes (Lancaster University), Stergios Leventis (International Hellenic University), Kent Mathews (Cardiff Business School), Khelifa Mazouz (Bradford Business School), Philip Molyneux (University of Bangor), Andrew Mullineux (University of Bournemouth), Steven Ongena (University of Zurich), Vasileios Pappas (Lancaster University), Mohamed Shaban (Leicester University), Mustapha Sheikh (Leeds University), Gerald Steele (Lancaster University), Emili Tortosa-Ausina (Jaume I University), Mike Tsionas (Lancaster University)
For paper submissions please email Marwa Elnahass: islamicfinance@aston.ac.uk
Important Dates
| Conference Abstract Submission | Conference Full Paper Submission | Submission for JEBO Special Issue | Special Issue Publication |
| 31st March 2014 | 27th April 2014 | 1st October 2014 | October 2015 |
TIMBERL AK E
Statistics • Econometrics • Forecasting
Global Forum on Islamic Finance 2014 Conference Developments and The Way Forward
March 10-12, 2014 Lahore, Pakistan
Organised by
Department of Management Sciences
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) http://gfif.citilahore.edu.pk/
About the Conference
The 2nd Global Forum on Islamic Finance (GFIF) will consider the spectacular political and socio-economic developments that we have been witnessing, and their probable effects on the performance and future position of Islamic financial institutions, the regulatory set-ups and popularity of Islamic products being offered to the public, governments and business.
Much has been said about the phenomenal growth of the Islamic finance industry over the past decade and the growth rates have been outstandingly impressive. Industry supporters have also lauded how successfully Islamic banking has largely weathered the global economic crisis that engulfed the conventional banking industry. However, despite these achievements, much still needs to be done if the industry is to truly flourish and play its part on the world stage.
On this great global forum, COMATS Institute of Information Technology will provide a platform to the leading industry players, academics and researchers to address key factors for achieving scale through novelty to strengthen the Islamic financial institutions and ensure long-term industry stability; GFIF 2014 will thus assist industry players to innovate the next generation of Islamic finance solutions that will meet the increasingly complex needs of corporate borrowers, consumers, issuers and investors; and create the conditions that will enable a more globally harmonized footprint for Islamic financial institutions – that, if achieved, will propel the Islamic finance industry to the next level of success.
GFIF welcomes participants from academia, research institutes, corporate world and government sector to share their experiences, learning and research. GFIF comprises various sessions to make it the most comprehensive experience for its attendees.
Conference Topics
| • Islamic project financing | • Islamic wealth management |
| • Socially-responsible investment strategy | • Structuring Islamic securitization |
| • Shariah-compliant risk management | • Market penetration in non-Islamic contexts |
| • Islamic microfinance | • Business cycles, financial stability & crisis |
| • Management, leadership and governance of
Islamic financial services providers |
• Principles of Islamic jurisprudence and legal maxims |
| • Corporate social responsibility of Islamic financial institutions | • Housing finance and Shariah-compliant mortgage products |
Marwan Izzeldin
Director
m.izzeldin@lancaster.ac.uk
Andrew Shouler
Editor
a.shouler@lancaster.ac.uk
Research Team
Gerry Steele
g.steele@lancaster.ac.uk
Vasileios Pappas
v.pappas@lancaster.ac.uk
Marwa El Nahass
m.elnahass@lancaster.ac.uk
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared by Gulf One Lancaster Centre for Economic Research (GOLCER) and is of a general nature and is not intended to provide specific advice on any matter, nor is it intended to be comprehensive or to address the circumstances of any particular individual or entity. This material is based on current public information that we consider reliable at the time of publication, but it does not provide tailored investment advice or recommendations. It has been prepared without regard to the financial circumstances and objectives of persons and/or organisations who receive it. The GOLCER and/or its members shall not be liable for any losses or damages incurred or suffered in connection with this report including, without limitation, any direct, indirect, incidental, special, or consequential damages. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the views of Gulf One or Lancaster University. Redistribution, reprinting or sale of this report without the prior consent of GOLCER is strictly forbidden.